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Copy 1 A.NDIDATES AND PARTIES 




FACE TO FACE 




A STARTLING CONTRAST OF LIVES AND RECORDS 




BY A CITIZEN 




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tlvilUM • 



Gift, 



CONTENTS. 



PAGB 

Electoral Vote of the States 4 

Early Life of Candidates 5 

Public Life of Candidates 6 

War Record of Candidates 11 

Charges, with Answers, against Mr. Blaine 16 

Where Each Party's Strength Lies 23 

Records of the Two Parties 24 

National Changes under Republican Rule 26 

Tariff Planks of the Two Parties 27 

Testimonies on the Tariff Question .... 29 

The Tariff and Wages : 

In Thread Factories 34 

In Iron Mills 35 

In Woolen Mills 35 

In Potteries - 36 

In Glasgow, Scotland 36 

In Germany 37 

Synopsis of Blaine's Life 38 

Synopsis of Logan's Life 30 



ELECTORAL VOTE OF THE STATES. 



Republican in 1876 and 1880. 

No. of 
Electors. 

Illinois 22 

Iowa 13 

Kansas 9 

Maine 6 

Massachusetts 14 

Michigan 13 

Minnesota 7 

Nebraska. 5 

New Hampshire 4 

Ohio 23 

Oregon 3 

Pennsylvania 30 

Rhode Island 4 

Vermont 4 

Wisconsin 11 



Total. 



Republican in 1880 only. 

No. of 
Electors. 

Connecticut 6 

Indiana 15 

New York 36 

Colorado 3 

Total 60 



Democratic in 1876 and 1880. 

No. of 
Electors. 

Alabama 10 

Arkansas 7 

Delaware 3 

Georgia 12 

Kentucky 13 

Maryland 8 

Mississippi 9 

Missouri 16 

New Jersey 9 

North Carolina 11 

Tennessee 12 

Texas 13 

Virginia 12 

West Virginia 6 

Total 141 



Democratic in 1880 only. 

No. of 
Electors. 

California 8 

Florida 4 

Louisiana 8 

Nevada 3 

South Carolina 9 



Total 32 

Total Electoral Vote in 1884, 401. 
Necessary to elect, 201 . 

Time of Elections : In all the States the vote for Presidential 
electors is held Nov. 4. State elections occur previously to that date, 
as follows : In Arkansas, for State officers and Legislature, Sept. 1 ; 
in Vermont, for State officers and Legislature, Sept. 2 ; in Maine, for 
Governor, Legislature, and Congressmen, Sept. 8 ; in Georgia, for 
Governor and Legislature, Oct. 1 ; in Ohio, foi State officers and Con- 
gressmen, Oct. 14 ; in West Virginia, foi State officers, Legislature, 
and Congressmen Oct. 14. 



HOW SHALL I VOTE? 



EARLY LIFE OF CANDIDATES. 



James Gillespie Blaine. 

Born Jan. 31, 1830, at Indian 
Hill Farm, Washington Co., 
Pa. 

Sent to school in Lancaster, Pa., 
1841. 

Graduated at Washington Col- 
lege, September, 1847, with first 
honor in class of 33. 

Teacher in Western Military- 
Institute, Blue Lick Springs, 
Ky., 1847-50. 

Married Miss Harriet Stanwood, 
of Augusta, Me., March, 1851. 

Teacher in Pennsylvania Insti- 
tution for Instruction of the 
Blind, Philadelphia, 1852-54. 

Removed to Augusta, Me., in 
1854. 

Began his career as an editor, 
1854. 

John Alexander Logan. 

Born in Murphysboro, 111., Feb. 
g, 1S26. 

Educated at home, no school be- 
ing near. 

Lieutenant in Mexican War, 1845- 
48. 



Stephen Grover Cleveland. 

Born in Caldwell, N. J., March 
iS, 1837. 



Received academic education in 
Clinton, N. Y. 

Clerk in grocery store, Fayette- 
ville, 1853. 



Teacher in New York Asylum 
for the Blind. 

Removed to Buffalo, 1854. 

Studied law, and admitted to the 
bar, 1S59. 

Thomas A. Hendricks. 
Born near Zanesville, O., 1S19. 

Removed to Shelby Co., Ind., 

1822. 
Graduated at Hanover College, 

1841. 



EARLY LIFE. 



Logan. 

Studied law in Murphysboro, 

111. 
Served as clerk of County Court, 

1850. 
Admitted to the bar, 1851. 



Hendricks. 

Studied law at Chambersburg, 
Pa. 



Admitted to the bar, 1843. 



PUBLIC LIFE OF CANDIDATES. 



Blaine. 

Editor Kennebec Journal, 1854-57. 
Delegate to National Republican 
Convention, 1S56. 

Editor Portland Daily Advertiser, 

1857-58. 
Representative to the Maine Legis- 
lature, 1859-62. Made, among 
others, a speech in opposition 
to the acquisition of Cuba. 
Delegate to National Republican 
Convention of i860, and an 
active worker for Lincoln's 
nomination. 
Speaker of the Maine House of 

Representatives, 1861-62. 
Member of the U. S. House of 
Represen tatives, 1 S62-76. 
(For record on war questions, 
see next division.) 

Made a speech opposing the 
Gold Bill, an attempt to repudiate 
the national debt, which declared 
" that a contract made payable 
in coin may be payable in legal 
tender U. S. notes, and that no 
difference in sale or value shall 
be allowed between them." 
The bill was defeated. 

In a speech on the Shipping 
Bill, in 1866, Mr. Blaine said : 
"In theory and in practice I 



Cleveland. 



Appointed assistant District- At' 
toruey for Etie Co., N. Y., 1863. 



jVominated in 1865 for the office 
of District- Attorney , and de- 
feated. 



PUBLIC LIFE. 



Blaine. 

am for protecting American in- 
dustry in all its forms, and to this 
end we must encourage American 
manufactures, and we must equal- 
ly encourage American com- 
merce." 

Made a speech, 1867, opposing 
the bill providing for the payment 
of the U. S. Five-twenties, in 
paper currency — another bill for 
Repudiation. He said : 

" I am sure that in the peace 
our arms have conquered we shall 
not dishonor ourselves by with- 
holding from any public creditor 
a dollar that we promised to pay 
him, nor seek, by cunning con- 
struction and clever afterthought, 
to evade or escape the full respon- 
sibility of our national indebted- 
ness. It will doubtless cost us a 
vast sum to pay that indebted- 
ness ; but it would cost us incal- 
culably more not to pay it." 

He was the first man in either 
branch of Congress who spoke 
against the Greenback heresy. 

In 1867, Augustus Costello, Gen. 
Thomas F. Bourke, and other 
Irish-Americans, were arrested in 
Ireland for speeches previously 
made in America, and when they 
were American citizens. Costello 
was sentenced to sixteen years' 
penal servitude. Mr. Blaine or- 
ganized a congressional agitation, 
which resulted in the liberation 
of Costello and all his colleagues 
who possessed full American 
citizenship, and in the treaty 
of 1870, in which Great Britain 
surrendered all claims of alle- 
giance from British subjects who 



Cleveland. 



Sheriff of Erie Co., N. V., 1870- 

73- 
Hung two men skilfully and ex- 
peditiously. 



8 



PUBLIC LIFE. 



Blaine. 

became naturalized as American 
citizens. 

Made a speech, Feb. 10, 1S76, in 
opposition to Inflation. He said : 

"We shall have discharged our 
full duty in Congress if we can ma- 
ture a measure which will steadi- 
ly advance our currency to the 
specie standard." 

Speaker of the House of .Repre- 
sentatives 1869-75 (three terms). 

Resolution presented by Hon. 
S. S. Cox (Dem.), of New York, 
at close of the XLI. Congress : 

Resolved, In view of the diffi- 
culties involved in the perform- 
ance of the duties of the presiding 
officer of this House, and of the 
able, courteous, dignified, and 
impartial discharge of those duties 
by Hon. J. G. Blaine during the 
present Congress, it is eminently 
becoming that our thanks be and 
they are hereby tendered to the 
Speaker thereof. 

The resolution was adopted. 

Resolution submitted by Hon. 
Samuel J. Randall (Dem.), of 
Pennsylvania, at the close of the 
first session of the XLII. Con- 
gress : 

Resolved, That the thanks of 
this House are due and are here- 
by tendered to James G. Blaine, 
Speaker of the House, for the 
able, prompt, and impartial man- 
ner in which he has discharged 
the duties of his office during the 
present session. 

The resolution was unanimous- 
ly adopted. 

Resolution offered at close of 
the XLII. Congress by Hon. 
Daniel Voorhees (Dem.), of Indi- 
ana, in these words : "I offer 



Cleveland. 



Mayor of Buffalo, N. Y., 1880- 

S2. 

Vetoed an ordinance appropriat- 
ing $300 for the proper ob- 
servance of Memorial Day. 



PUBLIC LIFE. 



Blaine. 

the following resolution. It has 
the sincere sanction of my head 
and of my heart :" 

Resolved, That the thanks of 
this House are due, and are here- 
by tendered, to Hon. James G. 
Blaine, for the distinguished 
ability and impartiality with 
which he has discharged the 
duty of Speaker of the House 
of Representatives of the XLII. 
Congress. 

The resolution was unanimous- 
ly adopted. 

Resolution submitted by Hon. 
Orlando B. Potter (New York), at 
close of the XLIII. Congress : 

Resolved, That the thanks of 
this House are due, and are 
hereby tendered, to Hon. James G. 
Blaine, for the impartiality, effi- 
ciency, and distinguished ability 
with which he has discharged the 
trying and arduous duties of his 
office during the XLIII. Con- 
gress. 

The resolution was unanimous- 
ly adopted. 

Candidate for the Presidential 
nomination before the Rep. Na- 
tional Convention of 1S76. Re- 
ceived on first ballot 29S votes 
out of 758 ; on the seventh and 
last ballot, 351 out of 756, R. B. 
Hayes being nominated. 

U. S. Senator 1876-81. 

Made a speech in 1876 opposing 
the Electoral Commission Bill. 

Took a decided stand, in 1877, 
against President Hayes's recog- 
nition of the Democratic State 
Governments in South Carolina 
and Louisiana. 



Cleveland. 



Governor of New York, 18S2-84. 

Vetoed the bill abolishing con- 
tract child labor in the charitable 
and reformatory institutions of 
the State. 

Signed the bill reducing pilot- 
age fees 20 per cent. 

Vetoed the Five Cent Fare Bill, 
a measure calculated to enable 
workingmen and their families to 
reach the suburbs, away from the 
tenement districts, at all hours, by 
reducing the fare on the elevated 
railroads. 

Vetoed the bill limiting car- 
drivers' hours of labor to twelve 
hours per day. 

Vetoed the Mechanics' Lien 
Law, a bill designed to give labor 
the first lien on a building in 
course of erection. 

Vetoed the Tenure of Office 
Bill, which provided that appoint- 
ments made by the present Mayor 
of New York should not hold 
good beyond his term of office — a 
measure aimed at H. O. Thomp- 
son, Commissioner of Public 
Works, New York, and his crook- 
ed $99Q contracts. 



IO 



PUBLIC LIFE 



Blaine. 

Offered a substitute to the 
Bland Silver Bill, authorizing the 
free coinage of the standard 
silver dollar, and restoring its 
legal-tender character. His sub- 
stitute provided that the silver 
dollar should contain 425 grains, 
so as to make it of equal value 
with a gold dollar. The substi- 
tute was defeated. Thereafter 
Mr. Blaine opposed the Bland 
Silver Bill. 

Made a speech advocating re- 
strictions on the importation of 
Chinese laborers. 

Made a speech, May 1, 1878, 
opposing the appointment of a 
Tariff Commission. 

Candidate f 'or Presidential nomi- 
nation before the Rep. National 
Convention of 1880. Received 
on first ballot 284 votes out of 
755 ; on the thirty-sixth and last 
ballot all his strength was thrown 
to Gen. Garfield, and the latter 
was nominated. 

Secretary of State (under Gar- 
field) 1881, resigning when Vice- 
President Arthur became Presi- 
dent. 

Demanded a modification of 
the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty with 
England, in order that the United 
States might maintain such super- 
vision over the Panama Canal 
"as will protect our national 
interests." 

Endeavored to bring about an 
early peace between Chili and 
Peru. His instructions were mis- 
understood by Minister Hurlbut, 



Cleveland. 

Signed a bill compelling every 
engineer to pay $2 for his cer- 
tificate of examination, the pro- 
ceeds to go to the Police Pension 
Fund. 

Vetoed a bill providing for the 
relief of a one-armed Union vet- 
eran, James Young, who was 
made an almost helpless cripple, 
by an accident, while he was per- 
forming his duties as employe in 
the Capitol at Albany, 

Vetoed a bill (for which every 
G. A. R. Post in the State peti- 
tioned) making it a misdemeanor 
for any one not an honorably dis- 
charged soldier or sailor to wear 
a G. A. R. badge. 

Vetoed a bill providing that 
every honorably discharged sol- 
dier or sailor shall be furnished by 
the State with an engraved certifi- 
cate of discharge. 



PUBLIC LIFE. 



II 



Blaine. 

and a special Commission was 
sent. Before it could act Mr. 
Arthur became President and the 
Commission was recalled. 

Invited all the independent 
Governments of North and South 
America to meet in a Peace Con- 
gress at Washington, March 15, 
1882. The following governments 
had accepted the invitation when 
the change of administration oc- 
curred, namely : Guatemala, Sal- 
vador, Nicaragua, Mexico, Peru, 
Brazil, Venezuela, and Honduras. 
The following is an extract from 
the letter of invitation : 

" Impressed by these views, 
the President extends to all the 
independent countries of North 
and South America an earnest 
invitation to participate in a 
general Congress to be held in 
the city of Washington on the 
24th day of November, 18S2, for 
the purpose of considering and 
discussing the methods of pre- 
venting war between the nations 
of America. He desires that the 
attention of the Congress shall be 
strictly confined to this one great 
object ; that its sole aim shall be 
to seek a way of permanently 
averting the horrors of cruel and 
bloody combat between countries, 
oftenest of one blood and speech, 
or the even worse calamity of in- 
ternal commotion and civil strife." 



Cleveland. 



WAR RECORD OF CANDIDATES. 



Blaine. 

Extract from editorial in Kennebec 

Journal, 1855 : 

"There might be some reason 
for the counsel to compromise 
where the issue is not one of 



Cleveland. 

Drafted for the war in 1S63, 
while serving as assistant district- 
attorney, and procured a substi- 
tute. 



12 



WAR RECORD. 



Blaine. 

morals, or is doubtful and un- 
defined ; but when asked to com- 
promise with an undisguised, 
open, hideous wrong, like slavery, 
— never !" 

Delegate to National Rep. Con- 
vention, i860, and an active work- 
er for Lincoln's nomination. 

Made a speech in Maine State 
Senate, 1862, advocating the con- 
fiscation of the property of rebels. 

Advocated, in a speech before 
Congress, the measure providing 
for enlistment of colored troops. 
Extract from letter of acceptance, 

on re-election to Congress, 

1864 : 

" Peace, on the basis of dis- 
union, is a delusion. It is no 
peace at all. . . . Those who 
cry for the ' immediate cessation 
of the war' are the best advo- 
cates of its endless continuance. 
They mean peace by the recog- 
nition of Rebel Independence, 
and Rebel Independence is abso- 
lutely incompatible with peace." 

Originated and successfully 
carried through the proposition 
to reimburse the loyal States for 
expenses incurred in the war. 

Advocated, in a speech in Con- 
gress, the amendment to the 
Constitution providing that the 
basis of representation in Con- 
gress be the number of voters, 
not the population. 
In an article in the North 

American Review, in 1870, Mr. 

Blaine wrote : 

"For the ballot to-day, im- 
perfectly enjoyed as it is by the 
negro, its freedom unjustly and 



Cleveland. 



Voted throughout the war for 
the Democratic ticket. 

Note. — Mr. Cleveland was first 
entitled to vote in 1856. In i860 
the Democratic party was a pro- 
fessedly pro-slavery party ; in 
1864, in its platform, it denounced 
the war as a failure ; in 1866 it 
denounced negro suffrage. 



WAR RECORD. 



r 3 



Blaine. 

illegally curtailed, its indepen- 
dence ruthlessly marred, its purity 
defiled, is withal and after all the 
strong shield the race has against 
a form of servitude which would 
have all the cruelty and none of 
the alleviations of the old slave 
system, whose destruction carried 
with it the shedding of so much 
innocent blood." 
In a speech, in 1876, on a bill 
granting general amnesty to all 
rebels, Mr. Blaine opposed its 
including Jefferson Davis, in 
the following words : 
" It is not because of any par- 
ticular and special damage that 
he, above others, did to the 
Union, or because he was person- 
ally or especially of consequence, 
that I except him. But I except 
him on this ground : That he was 
the author, knowingly, deliber- 
ately, guiltily, and wilfully, of 
the gigantic murders and crimes 
at Andersonville." 

Logan. 

Enlisted as private in Mexican 
War, 1845, at the age of 19 ; be- 
came lieutenant ; served as adju- 
tant of his regiment, 1st. 111. Inf. 
and came out as quartermaster. 

Was a Democratic Congress- 
man in i860, but upon Lincoln's 
election, and threats in the South, 
he avowed his intention of seeing 
Lincoln inaugurated, if he had to 
shoulder a musket and go to 
Washington. 

Extract from a speech in theHouse 
of Representatives, in i860 : 
" I have been taught to believe 
that the preservation of this glo- 
rious Union, with its broad flag 



Cleveland. 



Hendricks. 

In the beginning of his career 
in Congress he voted to extend 
slavery by breaking down the 
Missouri Compromise. 



Early in the war, when efforts 
were being made to induce the 
States of the North-west to with- 
draw from the Union and form 
a government of their own, he 
said, in a speech : 
" If the war being prosecuted 
shall have the effect of abolishing 
our market in the South, by de- 
stroying the peculiar system of 
labor in that section, then I 
would advise the North-west to 
look out for itself." 



14 



WAR RECORD. 



Logan. 

waving over us as the shield for 
our protection on land and on 
sea, is paramount to all the par- 
ties and platforms that ever have 
existed or ever can exist. I 
would to-day, if I had the power, 
sink my own party and every 
other one, with all their platforms, 
into the vortex of ruin, without 
heaving a sigh or shedding a tear, 
in order to save the Union, or even 
stop the revolution where it is." 
Extract from a letter, i860 : 

" I am for the Union, and for 
maintaining it, if such a thing be 
possible, and am uncompromis- 
ingly opposed to any man or 
set of men that countenance dis- 
union, with its horrible conse- 
quences. There is no sacrifice I 
would not make for it." 

Participated as a volunteer 
in the battle of Bull Run (1861), 
and was one of the last to leave 
the field. 

Raised a regiment, 31st Illinois, 
and took the field in September, 
1S61, with McClernand's brigade. 

.Was badly wounded in the as- 
sault on Fort Donelson. 

As Major-General of Volun- 
teers, commanded the Third Di- 
vision, 17th Army Corps, under 
McPherson, in the movement 
against Vicksburg, in 1863. 
Extract from Address to the 

Army, 1863 : 

"March bravely onward! 
Nerve your strong arms to the 
task of overthrowing every ob- 
stacle in the pathway of victory, 
until, with shouts of triumph, the 
last gun is fired that proclaims us 
a United People under the old 
Flag and one Government ! Pa- 



Hendricks. 

In February, 1863, during Lin- 
coln's administration, he said, 
in a speech : 

" If Congress would take a bun- 
dle of switches and switch them all 
out of the White House, it would 
be well for the people ; but until 
that is done, it will not be well. 
You may hear the prayers in our 
churches ; your sons may go out 
to the battle-field ; but our coun- 
try is not to be restored as it 
was until Abolitionism is buried, 
never to be resurrected." 



In a speech in 1863, he opposed 
the authorizing of colored troops. 



At the close of the war, in the 
Senate, he contended against the 
right of Congress or the people to 
abolish slavery by constitutional 
amendment. 



He voted against all the consti- 
tutional amendments of the re- 
construction period. 



WAR RECORD. 



15 



Logan. 

triot Soldiers, this great work 
accomplished, the reward for 
such service as yours will be real- 
ized ; the blessings and honors 
of a gratelul people will be 
yours." 

Succeeded General Sherman in 
command of the 15th Corps, Nov., 
1863. 

At the battle of Atlanta he 
succeeded Gen. McPherson, on 
the latter's fall, and rallied the 
Union forces. 

Extracts from a speech at Chica- 
go, 1863 : 

" Why is it that the people 
must be discouraged ? If a man is 
a true man to his government, he 
never will in its darkest hour do 
anything to discourage that gov- 
ernment. It is the dark hour of 
this country now. It is the 
period of its gravest trials. Stand 
by your country now. Now is 
the time to do it, so that sooner or 
later her victories will be won." 

"No man can be neutral — he 
must be one or the other — he 
must believe the government is 
right in using its force against 
the rebels, or that it is wrong ; 
and when we find men using all 
their talents, ingenuity, ability, 
and influence against our own 
Government and cause, he may 
pronounce as often as he pleases, 
and declare himself, every day a 
thousand times, to be a good 
Union man, but it is false, and 
everybody can see it that will." 

" For my part, I have no opin- 
ion I desire to conceal. Demo- 
crats, Republicans — all ought to 
be for restoring this Government, 
with every inch of soil, as it was 
before traitors despoiled it. To 
accomplish this, if necessary, I 
am in favor of using the last 



Hendricks. 

He was one of three Senators 
to vote for a proposition that no 
colored man should be allowed to 
vote unless he was worth $250 
in his own or his wife's right. 



At a banquet given to General 
Sherman, during a reunion of 
veterans, the Indiana soldiers 
would not suffer Mr. Hendricks 
to speak, because of his attitude 
during the war. 



In the year 1863, he said, in a 

speech : 

" I am ready to compromise at 
any time. I am ready to say to 
the people of the South, ' Come 
in again and we will secure to you 
your Constitutional rights, and, if 
you desire them, additional guar- 
antees.' If there is any man who 
desires to continue fighting, and 
spending the people's money and 
lives, I do not sympathize with 
him." 



In a speech made same year, 
1863, he said of the Emancipa- 
tion Proclamation : 
" I do not know whether that 
proclamation is going to be taken 
back or not ; I am going to vote 
to take it back the first opportu- 
nity I get. It was a wicked thing 
to have issued," 



i6 



CHARGES, WITH ANSWERS. 



Logan. 

dollar, of filling the last ditch 
with human gore, and making 
bridges of human carcasses, if the 
Government can in no other way 
be restored." 



Hendricks. 



CHARGES, WITH ANSWERS, AGAINST MR. BLAINE. 



"If you would be a man, have plenty of enemies." — Talleyrand. 
" One must be somebody in order to have an enemy ; one must be a force before 
he can be resisted by another force." — Mmc. Swetchine. 



Charges. 

Charge No. 1.— That Mr. 
Blaine's religion, if he has any, 
leans toward Catholicism. 

Origin of the Charge : Mr. Blaine 
stated, March 10, 1876, in response 
to questions : — 

" My ancestors on my father's 
side were, as you know, always 
identified with the Presbyterian 
Church, and they were prominent 
and honored in the old colony of 
Pennsylvania. But I will never 
consent to make any public dec- 
laration upon the subject, and 
for two reasons : First, because I 
abhor the introduction of any- 
thing that looks like a religious 
test or qualification for office in a 
republic where perfect freedom of 
conscience is the birthright of 
every citizen ; and, second, be- 
cause my mother was a devoted 
Catholic. I would not for a thou- 
sand Presidencies speak a disre- 
spectful word of my mother's 
religion, and no pressure will 
draw me into any avowal of hos- 
tility or unfriendliness to Catho- 
lics, though I have never received, 
and do not expect, any political 
support from them." 



Answers. 

Answer toChargeNo. 1. — 

Extract from a letter from Rev. 
James H. Ecob, formerly Mr. 
Blaine's pastor, dated June 18th, 
1884 :— 

"Mr. and Mrs. Blaine united 
on confession of faith with the 
Old South Congregational Church, 
Augusta, Me., in 1858. . . . 
They are greatly beloved and 
honored in the church. Still 
more, they and their households 
and their guests are always in 
their places on Sundays. The 
children are in the Sabbath-school; 
and, once more, they contribute 
generously to the support of the 
church by their gifts, their influ- 
ences, and their wise counsels. 
Mrs. Blaine comes of 
the old New England Stanwood 
stock, which has been Congre- 
gational from the beginning. . . . 
Mr. Blaine is not a Catholic, and 
from the above citation of facts, 
it is plain that he never has been 
since coming to man's estate. 
. . . If any one asks for my 
authority, it is this : From 1872 
to 1881 I was pastor of the 
church in Augusta, of which the 
Blaines are members." 



CHARGES, WITH ANSWERS. 



17 



Charges. 

Charge No. 2.— That Mr. 
Blaine entered Congress a poor 
man, and is now immensely 
wealthy. Where did he get his 
money ? 

Origin of the Charge ; It arose 
simply from the supposition that 
Mr. Blaine's wealth reaches into 
the millions, and he started life 
as a poor boy. 



Charge No. 3.— That Mr. 
Blaine received from the Union 
Pacific Railroad Company the 
sum of $64,000, in 1871, while he 
was a Congressman. E. H. Rol- 
lins, Treasurer of the company, 
was cited as authority. It was 
averred that the money was paid 
through Morton, Bliss & Co., 
bankers, of New York. 

Origin of the Charge : It was 
never made definitely and openly, 
but arose just before the Repub- 
lican National Convention of 1876, 
to defeat Blaine's chances for the 
nomination. The charge was put 
forward a few months after Mr. 
Blaine's severe speech, opposing 
the amnesty of Jefferson Davis. 
(See war record, p. 13.) 



Answers. 

Answerto ChargeNo.2.-~ 

Mr. Blaine has for twenty years 
owned a valuable coal tract of 
several hundred acres near Pitts- 
burg, Pa., which yielded him 
considerable revenue before hie 
entered Congress. Everyone knows 
that region has developed marvel- 
lously since then. 

Hon. Wm. Walter Phelps, Con- 
gressman for New Jersey, for 
years Mr. Blaine's financial ad- 
viser, says : "I personally know 
that he [Mr. Blaine] was never 
the possessor of the half of one 
million." 

The " palatial mansion " he 
was said to own in Washington, 
he sold, with all its furniture, not 
long ago, for $24,500. 

Answer to Charge No. 3. 

— The following letter was written 
to Mr. Blaine, under date March 
31, 1876, and read before the 
House of Representatives : 

" In response to your inquiry, 
I beg leave to state that I have 
been treasurer of the Union Pa- 
cific Railroad Co. since April 8, 
1871, and have necessarily known 
of all disbursements made since 
that date. During that entire 
period, up to the present time, I 
am sure that no money has been 
paid in any way or to any person, 
by the company, in which you 
were interested in any manner 
whatever. I make this statement 
in justice to the company, to you, 
and to myself. 

" E. H. Rollins." 
Letter, under date April 13, 



iS 



CHARGES, WITH ANSWERS. 



Charges. 



Charge No. 4. — That a draft 
was negotiated at the house of 
Morton, Bliss & Co., through 
Thos. A. Scott, then President of 
the Union Pacific Railroad Co., 
for the sum of $64,000 ; and that 
$75,000, in bonds of the Little 
Rock and Ft. Smith R. R. Co. 
were pledged as collateral. It 
was claimed that Mr. Blaine, or 
some one in his interest, had fur- 
nished this collateral to Mr. Scott, 
and that the cash proceeds of the 
transaction with Morton, Bliss 
& Co. went to Mr. Blaine or 
some friend of his. 

Origin of the Charge : It was 
an outgrowth from the preced- 
ing charge, the two letters given 
above making it necessary to 
modify the charge in some way. 



Answers. 

1876, to Mr. Blaine, read before 
the House of Representatives : 

" It has been suggested to us 
that our letter of the 6th instant 
was not sufficiently inclusive or 
exclusive. In that letter we stated 
that no draft, note, or check, or 
other evidence of value has ever 
passed through our books, in 
which you v/ere known or sup- 
posed to have any interest, direct 
or indirect. It may be proper 
for us to add that nothing has 
been paid by us, in any form or 
at any time, to any person or 
corporation, in which you v/ere 
known, believed, or supposed to 
have any interest whatever. 
" Morton, Bliss & Co." 

Answer to Charge No. 4. 

— Extract of letter, April, 1876, 
from Sidney Dillon, President of 
the Union Pacific R. R. Co., to 
Thos. A. Scott, president, in 
1871, of same company : 

" These statements are injuri- 
ous both to Mr. Blaine and to the 
Union Pacific R. R. Co. There 
never were any facts to warrant 
them, and I think that a state- 
ment to the public is due both 
from you and myself. I desire, 
as president of the company, to 
repel any such inference in the 
most emphatic manner, and would 
be glad to hear from you." 

Extract of letter from Thos. A. 

Scott to Sidney Dillon, dated 

April 21, 1876 : 

" In reply, I beg leave to state 
that, much as I dislike the idea of 
entering into any of the contro- 
versies that are before the public 
in these days of scandal, from 
which, but few men in public life 
seem to be exempt, I feel it my 



CHARGES, WITH ANSWERS. 



19 



Charges. 



Charge No. 5.— That while 
Mr. Blaine occupied the Speaker's 
chair, in 1869, a bill was brought 
in to renew a land grant made 
before the war, to the Little Rock 
and Fort Smith Railroad. A bill 
to grant land to the Memphis, 
El Paso, and Pacific Railroad 
was sought to be attached as an 
amendment to the former bill. 
The effect would have been to 
weaken the Little Rock Bill. Mr. 
Blaine, then in the chair, sent 
word to Senator Logan to raise 
the point of order that the amend- 
ment was not germane to the bill. 
Senator Logan raised the point of 
order ; it was sustained ; the 
amendment was killed, and the 
bill was saved. Mr. Blaine, the 
charge runs, wrote at once to the 
promoters of the bill, calling at- 
tention to his services, and being 
therefor made a selling-agent of 
the bonds of the road, and receiv- 
ing a number of such bonds as his 
percentage. 

Origin of the Charge : As the 
preceding charges missed fire, 
and the probability that Mr. 



Answers. 

duty to state : That the Little 
Rock and Ft. Smith bonds, pur- 
chased by the Union Pacific R. 
R. Co. in 1871, were not pur- 
chased or received from Mr. 
Blaine, directly or indirectly ; 
and that of the money paid by 
the Union Pacific R. R. Co., or 
of the avails of said bonds, not 
one dollar went to Mr. Blaine, or 
to any person for him, or for his 
benefit in any form." 

Answer to Charge No. 5. 

— (a) The Little Rock Bill is not 
denied to have been a perfectly 
proper bill. It passed both Sen- 
ate and House without a dissenting 
vote. 

(6) The point of order is not 
denied to have been a legitimate 
one. How Mr. Blaine came to 
suggest it is seen from the follow- 
ing extract from the letter to Mr. 
Fisher, which forms the sole basis 
for the charge. The letter runs 
as follows : 

"In this dilemma [when the 
unpopular amendment had been 
attached] Roots, the Arkansas 
member, came to me to know 
what on earth he could do under 
the rules, for he said it was vital 
to his constituents that the bill 
should pass. I told him that the 
amendment was entirely out of 
order because not germane, but 
he had not sufficient confidence in 
his knowledge of the rules to 
make the point. But he said 
General Logan was opposed to 
the Fremont scheme, and would 
probably make it. I sent my 
page to General Logan with the 
suggestion, and he at once made 
the point." 



20 



CHARGES, WITH ANSWERS. 



Charges. 

Blaine would be nominated grew 
stronger, the ground of accusation 
was again shifted. This time it 
was based on the so-called Mulli- 
gan letters (concerning which, see 
next charge.) 



Answers. 

(r) That Mr. Blaine wrote to 
Mr. Fisher, a Boston merchant, 
who became identified with the 
Little Rock Road, is true. But 
the letter was written eighty days 
after Congress adjourned, and 
ran as follows : 

"At that time [during the pas- 
sage of the bill spoken of above] 
I had never seen Mr. Caldwell, 
but you can tell him that, without 
knowing it, I did him a great 
favor." 

That is the sentence on which 
the whole charge of corruption is 
based. Notice, no favor is asked. 
Mr. Fisher and Mr. Caldwell had 
nothing to do with the control of 
the Little Rock Road when the 
bill passed ; it came into their 
hands afterward. The bill passed 
in April, 1869. At that time 
Blaine stated under oath he 
did not know there was such a 
man as Caldwell. At that time 
Mr. Fisher, as he himself stated, 
did not know there was any such 
enterprise as the Little Rock Rail- 
road. The evidence of these 
assertions was laid before Con- 
gress, and was never contradicted. 

(d) That Mr. Blaine asked to 
be made selling-agent of Little 
Rock bonds was disproved when 
the correspondence was made 
public. No such request or any 
thing like it appears. And he 
never was made selling-agent. 

(e) That Mr. Blaine obtained 
an interest in the bonds of the 
Little Rock Road is true. He ad- 



CHARGES, WITH ANSWERS. 



21 



Charges. 



Charge No. 6.— The "Mul- 
ligan" letters were private letters 
from Mr. Blaine to his friend War- 
ren Fisher, of Boston. In some 
way they were obtained by James 
Mulligan, and just before the 
Republican Convention of 1876, 
rumors of all sorts were started 
as to the damning disclosures 
these letters were to make. There 
was no hope that the Democratic 
Committee, then investigating the 
affairs of the Pacific Railroad, 
would settle the matter before the 
convention met. At this junct- 



Answers. 

mitted it frankly before Congress. 
But he did not even begin to ne- 
gotiate for the bonds until two 
and a half months after Congress 
adjourned. He paid for them at 
the regular price, as he declared, 
on the floor of Congress, in these 
words : 

" Instead of receiving bonds of 
the Little Rock and Fort Smith 
Road as a gratuity, I never had 
one except at the regular market 
price." 

This is confirmed publicly by 
Hon. William Walter Phelps, 
Congressman from New Jersey, 
for years Blaine's financial advi- 
ser, in the following words : 

" What interest, then, did Mr. 
Blaine obtain? An interest in 
the securities of the company. 
How? By purchase on the same 
terms as they were sold on the 
Boston market to all applicants, 
sold to Josiah Bardwell, to Elisha 
Atkins, and to other reputable 
merchants." 

• 

Answer to Charge No, 6, 

— A letter from London to Proc- 
tor Knott, chairman of the investi- 
gating committee, exonerating 
Mr. Blaine from certain half-hinted 
charges, was suppressed by Mr. 
Knott. This came to Mr. Blaine's 
knowledge, and led him to sup- 
pose that the committee was pur- 
posely delaying action, in order 
that his (Mr. Blaine's) chances 
for nomination might thereby 
be injured. He resolved upon 
prompt action. He did go to Mr. 
Mulligan and solicit the letters 



22 



CHARGES, WITH ANSWERS. 



Answers. 

the latter had. That he told Mr. 
Mulligan " if the committee 
should get hold of this communi- 
cation it would ruin him forever," 
Mr. Blaine denied on his oath. 
That he asked Mr. Mulligan if he 
would like a consulship abroad, 
Mr. Blaine also denied on his 
oath. There were no witnesses 
to the interview. Mr. Blaine 
obtained the letters. They were 
read by him before the House of 
Representatives, thereby going 
on record in the Congressional 
reports. It was afterward claimed 
that the most damaging letters 
had not been read. But Mr. 
Mulligan's memorandum of the 
letters was soon after produced, 
and the number and index there- 
in corresponded exactly with the 
letters read by Mr. Blaine before 
Congress. That portion of the 
letters which it had been an- 
nounced was to incriminate Mr. 
Blaine, has been given in the 
preceding answer. 



The late Judge Jeremiah Black, of Pennsylvania, for years one of the 
foremost leaders of the Democratic party, one of the keenest of law- 
yers, made the following statement concerning Charge No. 5 (the 
principal charge in the series), after personal investigation : " Mr. 
Blaine's letters proved that the charge was not only untrue, but im- 
possible, and would continue so to prove until the Gregorian Calendar 
could be turned around and October made to precede April in the 
stately procession of the year." 

Senator Hawley, of Connecticut : " I do affirm that so far as James 
G. Blaine is concerned, he is above reproach." 

Senator George F. Hoar.ol Massachusetts, referring to Charge No. 5 : 
" The malice of his detractors brings against his personal integrity 



Charges. 

ure, it is charged, Mr. Blaine 
went to Mulligan and solicited 
the letters. Mulligan stated that 
Mr. Blaine " prayed, almost went 
on his knees, and implored me to 
think of his six children and his 
wife, and said that if the com- 
mittee should get hold of this 
communication it would ruin him 
forever." Mr. Mulligan also said 
Mr. Blaine asked him if he would 
not like to have a consulship 
abroad. Mr. Blaine finally pre- 
vailed on Mr. Mulligan to give 
him the letters, promising, it is 
said, to return them. He read 
some of the letters before Con- 
gress. Others, it is charged, he 
did not read, and when Mr. Mul- 
ligan requested the return of the 
letters, Mr. Blaine refused to ful- 
fil his promise. 



r WHERE EACH PARTY'S STRENGTH LIES. 



2 3 



a single charge, which is supported by no proof and refuted by every 
■witness who knows the facts, and a single phrase in a letter which is 
fully susceptible of an honest construction." 



WHERE EACH PARTY'S STRENGTH LIES. 



Republican States. 

(Arranged according to size of 
majority.) 
States. Majority. 

1876. 1880. 

Iowa 59,205 44,789 

Massachusetts. .41,286 47,898 

Kansas 32,517 41,862 

Minnesota 21,630 37,035 

Vermont 24,078 26,036 

Nebraska 14,366 22,491 

Michigan 15,542 17,59* 

Pennsylvania. ..17,980 17,625 

Ohio 2,747 25,155 

Wisconsin 2,960 21,605 

Maine 15, 529 4,225 

Illinois., 2,397 13,762 

Rhode Island. . . 4,947 7,155 

New Hampshire 3,030 3,341 

Colorado 1,368 

Oregon 947 519 



Democratic States. 

(Arranged according to size of 
majority.) 
States. Majority. 

1876. 1880. 

Texas .60,000 80,529 

Georgia 79,602 48,384 

Kentucky 59,799 31,005 

Mississippi 49,569 34,422 

Missouri 54.544 I 9>907 

Alabama 34,281 30,322 

Tennessee 43,600 16,132 

Virginia 44,112 12,810 

Maryland x 9<799 15,191 

Arkansas !9,402 14,260 

North Carolina.. 17,010 8,334 

West Virginia. .13,076 2,069 

New Jersey 12,445 2,010 

Delaware 2,629 I ,i42 



Note. — Each of the other States gave a Republican majority one 
year and a Democratic majority the other, as follows : 







1876. 




1880. 




1876. 




1880. 


Cal.. 


.Rep. 


2,767 


Dem. 


39 


La. . . Rep. 


4,807 


Dem. 


26,617 


Conn 


.Dem. 


2,900 


Rep. 


2,656 


Nev. .Rep. 


1,075 


Dem. 


770 


Fla.. 


.Rep. 


922 


Dem. 


4,290 


N. Y. Dem. 


8,896 


Rep. 


5,S62 


Ind.. 


.Dem. 


5 ? 5i6 


Rep. 


6,642 


S.Car.Rep. 


890 


Dem. 


53,668 



24 



RECORDS OF THE TWO PARTIES. 
(N.B. — For the planks on the Tariff question, see p. 27.) 



Republican Platforms. 

Extracts from first platform, 1856: 
" That as our Republican fa- 
thers, when they had abolished 
slavery in all of our national ter- 
ritory, ordained that no person 
should be deprived of life, liberty, 
or property, without due process 
of law, it becomes our duty to 
maintain this provision of the 
Constitution against all attempts 
to violate it, for the purpose of 
establishing slavery in any terri- 
tory of the United States." 

" That appropriations by Con- 
gress, for the improvement of 
rivers and harbors, of a national 
character, required for the accom- 
modation and security of our 
existing commerce, are authorized 
by the Constitution, and justified 
by the obligation of Government 
to protect the lives and property 
of its citizens." 

" It is both the right and the 
duty of Congress to prohibit in 
the territories those twin relics of 
barbarism — polygamy and sla- 
very." 

Extract from platform of 1S60 : 

" We deny the authority of 
Congress, of a territorial Legisla- 
ture, or of any individuals, to give 
legal existence to slavery in any 
territory of the United States." 

Extract from platform of 1864 : 

" That we approve the deter- 
mination of the Government of 
the United States not to com- 
promise with rebels, nor to offer 
any terms of peace except such 
as may be based upon an ' un- 
conditional surrender' of their 
hostility and a return to their just 
allegiance to the Constitution and 
laws of the United States, and 



Democratic Platforms. 

Extracts from platform of 1856, 
readopted in i860 : 

" That all efforts of the aboli- 
tionists, or others, made to induce 
Congress to interfere with ques- 
tions of slavery, or to take incipi- 
ent steps with relation thereto, 
are calculated to lead to the most 
alarming and dangerous conse- 
quences." 

" The Democratic party will 
resist all attempts at renewing, 
in Congress or out of it, the agita- 
tion of the slavery question, under 
whatever shape or color the 
attempt maybe made." 

"The Constitution does not 
confer upon the General Govern- 
ment the power to commence and 
carry on a general system of in- 
ternal improvements." 

" The Democratic party will 
faithfully abide by and uphold the 
principles laid down in the Ken- 
tucky and Virginia resolutions of 
1798 and 1799 • • • that it adopts 
these principles as constituting 
one of the main foundations of its 
political creed." 

Note. — The resolutions referred 
to affirmed the right of each State 
to judge for itself of the constitu- 
tionality of the acts of the General 
Government, and to refuse to 
submit if it deems those acts un- 
constitutional. 

Extract from platform of i860 : 

" The enactments of State Legis- 
latures to defeat the faithful exe- 
cution of the fugitive-slave law 
are hostile in character, subversive 
of the Constitution, and revolu- 
tionary in their effect." 

Extract from platform of 1S64 : 
" This convention does explic- 



RECORDS OF THE TWO PARTIES. 



25 



Republican Platforms. 

that we call upon the Government 
to maintain this position and to 
prosecute the war with the utmost 
possible vigor to the complete 
suppression of the rebellion, the 
patriotism, the heroic valor, and 
the undying devotion of the 
American people to their country 
and its free institutions." 

Extracts from platform of 1868 : 

44 We congratulate the country 
on the assured success of the re- 
construction policy of Congress, 
as evidenced by the adoption, in 
the majority of the States lately 
in rebellion, of constitutions se- 
curing equal civil and political 
rights to all ; and it is the duty 
of the Government to sustain 
those constitutions and to prevent 
the people of such States from 
being remitted to a state of an- 
archy." 

" We denounce all forms of re- 
pudiation as a national crime ; 
and the national honor requires 
the payment of the public indebt- 
edness in the uttermost good faith 
to all creditors at home and 
abroad, not only according to the 
letter but the spirit of the laws 
under which it was contracted." 

Extract from platform of 1876 : 

44 In the first act of Congress 
signed by President Grant, the 
National Government assumed to 
remove any doubts of its purpose 
to discharge all just obligations to 
the public creditors, and 4 solemn- 
ly pledged its faith to make pro- 
vision at the earliest practicable 
period for the redemption of the 
United States notes in coin.' 
Commercial prosperity, public 
morals, and national credit de- 
mand that this promise be fulfilled 
by a continuous and steady prog- 
ress to specie payment." 



Democratic Platforms. 

itly declare, as the sense of the 
American people, that after four 
years of failure to restore the 
Union by the experiment of war 
. . . justice, humanity, liberty, 
and the public welfare demand 
that immediate efforts be made 
for a cessation of hostilities, with 
a view to an ultimate convention 
of all the States or other peace- 
able means, to the end that at the 
earliest practicable moment peace 
may be restored on the basis of 
the Federal Union of the States." 

Extracts from platform of 1868 : 

44 We regard the reconstruction 
acts (so-called) of Congress, as 
such, as usurpations and as un- 
constitutional, revolutionary, and 
void." 

[N.B. The principal "recon- 
struction acts" were the Amend- 
ments conferring upon the Negro 
the right of citizenship.] 

44 Where the obligations of the 
Government do not expressly 
state upon their face, or the law 
under which they were issued 
does not provide, that they shall 
be paid in coin, they ought in 
right and justice to be paid in the 
lawful money of the United 
States [Greenbacks]." 

Extract from platform of 1876 : 

44 We denounce the resumption 
clause of the Act of 1875, and de- 
mand its repeal." 

[N.B. The 4I resumption clause" 
provided for the return to specie 
payment.] 



26 



NATIONAL CHANGES UNDER REPUBLICAN RULE. 

(The Republican party had its origin in Strong, Maine, August 7, 
1854. It first came into power in 1861.) 



THEN. 



There were 4,000,000 slaves. 

The fugitive-slave law was in full 
force. 

Eleven States, with a population 
of 9,000,000, were in open re- 
bellion. 

Because of the Rebellion, the 
currency of the Government 
depreciated to 38 cents on the 
dollar. 

In 1865 the debt of the nation 
was $2,221,311,918.29. 

In i860 the valuation of property 
in the United States (excluding 
slaves) was $14,000,000,000. 

In i860 there were 31,000 miles 
of railroad. 

For i860 our foreign trade aggre- 
gated $700,000,000. 

All the exports from the United 
States, previous to i860, aggre- 
gated less than $9,000,000,000. 

In i860 there were in the United 
States 2,044,077 farms, valued 
at $6,645,045,007. 

In i860 there were 140,433 manu- 
factories, paying in wages 
$378,878,966, the products being 
valued at $1,885,861,676. 

Population, i860, 31,443,321. 



NOW. 



Every slave has been freed. 

The negro has an equal right with 
the white man to cast a ballot. 



The Rebellion has been quelled, 
and the Union is intact. 



One dollar of the currency is 
worth one dollar in gold. 

In 1884 the National debt was 
$1,338,229,150. 

The valuation, in 1880, of all prop- 
erty in the United States, was 
$44,000,000,000 — an increase 
of 214 per cent. 

In 18S3 there were over 104,000 
miles of railroad. 

For 1879 our foreign trade aggre- 
gated $1,150,000,000. 

All exports from the United 
States from i860 to 1884 aggre- 
gated over $12,000,000,000. 

In 1880 there were in ihe United 
States 4,008,907 farms, valued 
at $10,197,096,776. 

In 1880 there were in the United 
States 253,852 manufactories, 
paying in wages $947,953,795, 
the products being valued at 

$5,369,579,i9 I - 
Population, 1880, 50,155,783. 



Increase, $()% per cent. 



27 



TARIFF PLANKS OF THE TWO PARTIES. 



Republican. 

Extract from platform of 1SC0 : 

" That, while providing revenue 
for the support of the General 
Government by duties upon im- 
ports, sound policy requires such 
an adjustment of these imposts 
as to encourage the development 
of the industrial interests of the 
whole country ; and we commend 
that policy of national exchanges 
which secures to the workingmen 
liberal wages, to agriculture re- 
munerating prices, to mechanics 
and manufacturers an adequate 
reward for their skill, labor, and 
enterprise, and to the nation com- 
mercial prosperity and indepen- 
dence." 

Extract from platform of 1872 : 

"The annual revenue, after 
paying current expenditures, pen- 
sions, and the interest on the 
public debt, should furnish a 
moderate balance for the reduc- 
tion of the principal, and that 
revenue, except so much as may 
be derived from a tax upon 
tobacco and liquors, should be 
raised by duties upon importa- 
tions, the details of which should 
be so adjusted as to aid in secur- 
ing remunerative wages to labor 
and promote the industries, pros- 
perity, and growth of the whole 
country," 



Democratic. 

Extract from platform of 1848 : 

"Resolved, That the fruits of 
the great political triumphs of 
1844 have fulfilled the hopes of 
the Democracy of the Union in 
the noble impulse given to the 
cause of free-trade by the repeal 
of the tariff of 1842, and the 
creation of the more equal, honest, 
and productive tariff of 1846, ard 
that in our opinion it would be a 
fatal error to weaken the bands 
of a political organization by 
which these great reforms have 
been achieved, and risk them in 
the hands of their known adver- 
saries with whatever delusive ap- 
peals they may solicit our sur- 
render of that vigilance which is 
the only safeguard of liberty." 

Extract from platforms of 1856 

and i860 : 

"Resolved, That there are ques- 
tions connected with the foreign 
policy of this country which are 
inferior to no domestic question 
whatever. The time has come 
for the people of the United 
States to declare themselves in 
favor of free seas and progressive 
free-trade throughout the world, 
and, by solemn manifestations, 
to place their moral influence at 
the side of their successful ex- 
ample." 

Extract from platform of 1876: 

" We denounce the present 
tariff, levied upon nearly 4000 
articles, as a masterpiece of in- 
justice, inequality, and false pre- 
tence. It yields a dwindling, not 
a yearly rising revenue. It has 
impoverished many industries to 
subsidize a few. It prohibits im- 
ports that might purchase the pro- 
ducts of American labor. It has 



28 



TARIFF PLANKS OF THE TWO PARTIES. 



Republican. 



Extract from platform of 1880 : 

" We reaffirm the belief avowed 
in 1876 that the duties levied for 
the purpose of revenue should so 
discriminate as to favor American 
labor." 

Extract from platform of 1884 : 

" It is the first duty of a good 
government to protect the rights 
and promote the interests of its 
own people. The largest diver- 
sity of industry is most productive 
of general prosperity and of the 
comfort of and independence of 
the people. We therefore de- 
mand that the imposition of duties 
on foreign imports shall be made 
not for revenue only, but that in 
raising the requisite revenues for 
the Government such duties shall 
be so levied as to afford security 
to our diversified industries and 
protection to the rights and wages 
of the laborer, to the end that 
active and intelligent labor, as 
well as capital, may have its just 
award and the laboring man his 
full share in the national pros- 
perity. Against the so-called 
economic system of the Demo- 
cratic party, which would degrade 
our labor to the foreign standard, 
we enter our earnest protest." 



Democratic. 

degraded American commerce 
from the first to an inferior rank 
on the high seas. It has cut 
down the sales , of American 
manufacturers at home and abroad 
and depleted the returns of 
American agriculture — an indus- 
try followed by half of our people. 
It costs the people five times 
more than it produces to the 
Treasury, obstructs the processes 
of production, and wastes the 
fruits of labor. It promotes 
fraud, fosters smuggling, enriches 
dishonest officials, and bankrupts 
honest merchants. We demand 
that all custom-house taxation 
shall be only for revenue." 

Extract from platform of 1880 : 

" Home rule, honest money, 
consisting of gold, silver, and 
paper, convertible on demand ; 
the strict maintenance of the 
public faith, State and national, 
and a tariff for revenue only." 

Extract from platform of 1884 : 

"The Democratic party is 
pledged to revise the tariff in a 
spirit of fairness to all interests. 
But in making reduction in taxes, 
it is not proposed to injure any 
domestic industries, but rather to 
promote their healthy growth. 
From the foundation of this 
Government taxes collected at 
the Custom-House have been the 
chief source of Federal revenue. 
Such they must continue to be. 
Moreover, many industries have 
come to rely upon legislation for 
successful continuance, so that 
any change of law must be at 
every step regardful of the labor 
and capital thus involved. The 
process of reform must be sub- 
ject in the execution to this plain 
dictate of justice — all taxation 
shall be limited to the require- 
ments of economical government. 



TESTIMONIES ON THE TARIFF QUESTION. 



29 



Republican. 



Democratic. 

The necessary reduction in tax- 
ation can and must be effected 
without depriving American labor 
of the ability to compete success- 
fully with foreign labor, and with- 
out imposing lower rates of duty 
than will be ample to cover any 
increased cost of production 
which may exist in consequence 
of the higher rate of wages pre- 
vailing in this country. Sufficient 
revenue to pay all the expenses 
of the Federal Government, eco- 
nomically administered, including 
pensions, interest, and principal 
of the public debt, can be got 
under our present system of tax- 
ation from custom-house taxes on 
fewer imported articles, bearing 
heaviest on articles of luxury and 
bearing lightest on articles of 
necessity. We therefore denounce 
the abuse of the existing tariff, 
and, subject to the preceding limi- 
tations, we demand that Federal 
taxation shall be exclusively for 
public purposes, and shall not 
exceed the needs of the Govern- 
ment economically administered." 



TESTIMONIES ON THE TARIFF QUESTION. 



Protection in America. 

Abraham Lincoln : 

'* I am in favor of the internal 
improvement system, and a high 
protective tariff." 

Henry Clay : 

"The proposition to be main- 
tained by our adversaries is, that 
manufactures, without protec- 
tion, will, in due time, spring up 
in the country and sustain them- 
selves, in competition with foreign 
fabrics, however advanced the 
arts and whatever the degree of 
protection may be in foreign 
countries. Now, I contend that 



Free Trade in England. 

Lord Goderich, in Llouse of Lords : 
'* Other nations knew, as well 
as the noble lord opposite, and 
those who acted with him, that 
what we (the English) meant by 
free trade, was nothing more nor 
less than, by means of the great 
advantages we enjoyed, to get the 
monopoly of all their markets for 
our manufactures, and to prevent 
them, one and all, from ever be- 
coming manufacturing nations." 

David Syme, an advocate of free 
trade : 

"The manner in which Eng- 



3° 



TESTIMONIES ON THE TARIFF QUESTION. 



Protection in America. 

this proposition is refuted by all 
experience, ancient and modern, 
in every, country. If I am asked 
why unprotected industry should 
not succeed in a struggle with 
protected industry, I answer, the 
fact has ever been so, and that is 
sufficient ; I reply that uniform 
experience evinces that it cannot 
succeed in such a struggle, and 
that is sufficient. If we speculate 
on the causes of this universal 
truth, we may differ about them. 
Still, the indisputable fact re- 
mains." 

Alexander Hamilton : 

' " But though it were true that 
the immediate and certain effect 
of a tariff was an increase of 
price, it is universally true that 
the contrary is the ultimate effect 
with every successful manufacture. 
When a domestic manufacture 
has attained to perfection, and 
has engaged in the prosecution of 
it a competent number of per- 
sons, it can be afforded, and ac- 
cordingly seldom or never fails to 
be sold cheaper, in process of 
time, than the foreign article for 
which it is a substitute. The in- 
ternal competition which takes 
place soon does away with every- 
thing like monopoly, and by de- 
grees reduces the price of the 
article to the minimum of a rea- 
sonable profit on the capital em- 
ployed. This accords with the 
reason of the thing and with ex- 
perience." 

Benjamin Franklin : 

" Every manufacturer encour- 
aged in our country makes part 
of a market for provisions within 
ourselves and saves so much 
money to this country as must 
otherwise be exported for the 
manufactures he supplies." 



Free Trade in England. 

lish capital is used to maintain 
her manufacturing supremacy is 
well understood abroad. In any 
quarter of the globe where a com- 
petition shows itself as likely to 
interfere with her monopoly, im- 
mediately the capital of her manu- 
facturers is massed in that partic- 
ular quarter, and goods are 
exported in large quantities and 
sold at such prices that outside 
competition is effectually counted 
out. English manufacturers have 
been known to export goods to a 
distant market and sell them un- 
der cost for years, with a view to 
getting the market into their own 
hands again." 

Sir Edward Sullivan, in 1S81, 
speaking of the laboring classes 
in England : 

"Whatever the wealth of the 
country may be, it has not pene- 
trated down to them. Every 
year this wealth is accumulating 
into fewer hands ; every year the 
gulf between rich and poor be- 
comes deeper and broader. It is 
calculated that there are at this 
moment 14,500,000 of the people 
withless than IOj. 6d. ($2. 62)a week 
to live on. The operatives look 
abroad, and they see and hear 
from their mates what is the con- 
dition of national wealth in France 
and America, that there the fertil- 
izing stream has descended to all 
classes, and they find the very re- 
verse is the case : that wealth is 
daily becoming more i enerally 
distributed, that every year the 
gulf between rich and poor is get- 
ting narrower and shallower. 
They see and hear that the oper- 
atives in France and America 
have far steadier work, higher 
wages in proportion, and are in- 
creasing more rapidly in material 
prosperity than the work-people 



TESTIMONIES ON THE TARIFF QUESTION. 



31 



Protection in America. 

Thomas Jefferson : 

" To cultivate peace, and main- 
tain commerce and navigation in 
all their lawful enterprises, to 
foster our fisheries, as nurseries 
of navigation and for the nurture 
of man, and to protect the manu- 
factures adapted to our circum- 
stances — these are the landmarks 
by which we are to guide our- 
selves." 

James Madison : 

" The revision of our commer- 
cial laws, proper to adapt them 
to the arrangement which has 
taken place with Great Britain, 
will doubtless engage the early 
attention of Congress. It will be 
worthy at the same time of their 
just and provident care to make 
such alteration in the laws as will 
especially protect and foster the sev- 
eral branches of manufacture. " 

Daniel Webster : 

" The term (protection) was 
well understood in our colonial 
history, and if we go back to the 
history of the Constitution, and of 
the convention which adopted it, 
we shall find that everywhere, 
when masses of men were as- 
sembled, and the wants of the 
people were brought forth into 
prominence, the idea was held up 
that domestic industry could not 
prosper, manufactures and the 
mechanic arts could not advance, 
the condition of the common 
country could not be carried up 
to any considerable elevation, 
unless there should be one gov- 
ernment, to lay one rate of duty 
upon imports throughout the 
Union, from New Hampshire to 
Georgia ; regard to be had, in 
laying this duty, to the protection 
of American labor and industry. 
I defy the man in any degree 
conversant with history, in any 



Free Trade in England. 

of Great Britain, and they are be- 
ginning to ask why. They know 
that they are, man for man, as 
good as their rivals ; that in me- 
chanical skill, in aptitude for hard 
work, in mineral wealth, in na- 
tional capital, etc., they are their 
superiors. Why, then, are they 
not equally advancing in material 
prosperity ?" 

A prominent mamifacturer, in 

Bradford, England, the centre 

of the worsted industry : 

"The truth is, the higher the 
foreign tariff the lower we must 
make our goods and the less we 
can afford to pay labor. The 
least possible reduction in the 
United States tariff will be a 
grand thing for Bradford, but 
how it will affect your industries 
I can hardly say. We are obliged 
to sell our goods in France for 
the same price as we did before 
they enacted their higher tariff, 
and the Bradford manufacturer is 
paying that duty, not the French 
consumers of the goods. I know 
from practical experience what 
I am talking about." 

Thomas Carlyle : 

" British industrial existence 
seems fast becoming one huge 
poison swamp of reckless pesti- 
lence, physical and moral, a 
hideous living Golgotha of souls 
and bodies buried alive. . . . 
Thirty thousand outcast needle- 
women working themselves swift- 
ly to death ; three million pau- 
pers rotting in forced idleness, 
and these are but items in the 
sad ledger of despair." 

Inspector of Police, Leeds, England, 
was asked, in 18S2, by Robt. P. 
Porter, the following ques- 
tion : 
" In your fifteen years' experi- 



3 2 



TESTIMONIES ON THE TARIFF QUESTION. 



Protection in America. 

degree acquainted with the annals 
of this country from 1787 to the 
adoption of the Constitution in 
1789, to say that this was not a 
leading, I. may almost say the 
leading, motive, South as well as 
North, for the formation of the 
new government. Without that 
provision in the Constitution it 
never could have been adopted." 

Peter Cooper : 

" I have noticed in my own 
business life, extending over a 
period of nearly seventy years, 
that every reduction of the tariff 
(or ' the tariff for revenue only' 
plan) has brought wretchedness 
and ruin. It is the natural effect 
from such a cause. Nothing 
is more certain than that the ad- 
vocacy of free trade comes from 
foreigners who want to break up 
our industries. They have done 
it several times already, and they 
want to do it again. The labor- 
ers of the Old World get barely 
enough to keep body and soul 
together, and that is the condition 
in which theadvocatesof free trade 
are trying to place our laborers, 
and it behooves every man to do 
all he can to deter Congress from 
the endeavor." 

Hon. J. T. Updegraff, Congress- 
man from Ohio : 

" I have been a farmer all my 
life, and every year for thirty 
years have sold the products of 
the farm. When manufactures 
were fully protected and flourish- 
ing, I have never seen the time 
that judicious agriculture was not 
prosperous ; and when manufact- 
uring under ' revenue ' tariff was 
crippled or broken down I never 
saw agriculture flourishing." 

Hon. A. S. Hewitt, U. S. Commis- 
sioner : 

"The entire difference in the 



Free Trade in England. 

ence, in which your jurisdic- 
tion has extended all over the 
borough of Leeds, embracing, as 
it does, 320,000 of the most 
thrifty industrial population in 
England, did you ever know the 
ordinary workingman to own the 
house in which he lived, and the 
ground on which it stands — I mean 
the skilled artisan, the mechanic, 
the engineer, the carpenter, the 
mason, and the like?" 

" If I was on my oath in court, 
sir," earnestly replied the in- 
spector, '' I should be obliged to 
answer, in my experience never !" 

Henry Fawcett, M.P., Postmas- 
ter-General of England, speak- 
ing of the prodigious increase 
in British exports : 
'.* This increase of national pros- 
perity has as yet affected no cor- 
responding improvement in the' 
condition of the laboring classes." 

London Times, 1S80 : 

" The United States do not 
approach the question from the 
same point of view as ourselves. 
The object of their statesmen is 
not to secure the largest amount 
of wealth for the country general- 
ly, but to keep up, by whatever 
means, the standard of comfort 
among the laboring class. ' ' 

The IVorkingmen' 's Delegation 
to the Fair-Trade League, Lon- 
don, recently stated, that a very 
large proportion of the operative 
population of Great Britain (they 
put it at one third) is out of 
work ; that the rest have not on 
an average more than four days' 
work a week ; that for five or six 
years they have been consuming 
their savings and the funds of 
their trade societies. 



TESTIMONIES OX THE TARIFF QUESTION. 



33 



Protection in America. 

cost of making iron here and in 
England is the wages." 

Prof. Francis Bowen, Harvard : 

"The best legislative policy is 
that which will most effectually 
develop all the natural advan- 
tages of a country, whether mental 
or material. It is as wasteful, to 
say the least, to allow mechanical 
skill and inventive genius to re- 
main unemployed, as to permit 
water-power to run without turn- 
ing mill-wheels, or minerals to 
remain in the ore, or forests to 
stand where cotton and grain 
might grow luxuriantly. . . . 

" I see not how these ends can 
be obtained in a country like ours 
. . . without throwing over our 
manufacturing industry, at least 
for half a century to come, the 
broad shield of an effective pro- 
tecting tariff." 



Free Trade r. Engm wi>. 

John Jarrelt, of Pittsburg, Pn., 
President of the Amalgamated 
Iron Association, in 1SS3 : 
" Now it happens I was born 
on the other side of the water, 
and I am pretty well conversant 
with the methods of living there, 
and I know pretty well what free 
trade has done for that country. 
The difference in ratio of prices 
at which they have to sell their 
products in England and the 
prices in this country is largely 
in our favor. The puddler re- 
ceives as his standard wages all 
through the north of England 
js.6d. a ton, while here our men 
receive about $5.50. There he 
receives but one-twentieth of the 
price that commodity brings in 
the market ; and our men receive 
$5.50 for that same iron that 
brings on the market $56 ; in 
other words, we get $5.50 for our 
puddler, and the manufacturer 
gets $56, and the English puddler 
gets only $2 out of $35. You 
see, then, how largely it is in 
favor of our men, and the ratio 
carries itself all the way through 



Condition of Working Women in Birmingham, England. 

The following account is given by Robert P. Porter, special corre- 
spondent of the N. Y. Tribune. He himself visited the locality 
described, and verified all the facts by personal observation : 

" It appears that to-day, in spite of ' Factory Art ' and ' School 
Board,' thousands of females, old and young, mothers and daughters, 
with their little children by their sides, toil by day and by ni.Lcht, in a 
locality about seven miles from the great free-trade city of Birming- 
ham — the home of Bright and Chamberlain. In this gloomy district 
about 24,000 people are engaged in making nails and rivets. If they 
were men and boys the lowness of the wages would not seem so bad. 
But this account brings out the fact that sixteen thousand females are 
engaged day after day in the occupation. They are not all mature 
women ; daughters work by the side of mothers — daughters who, in 
their tender years, ought to be at home, if they have any home, or in 



34 



THE TARIFF AND WAGES. 



bed, instead of working their weary arms in shaping, in the still small 
hours of the morning, molten iron into the form of nails. Here is the 
picture drawn by a writer in The London Standard, who actually wit- 
nessed it two or three nights ago : 

" ' The remuneration they receive is incredibly small. It is no unusual thing — on 
the contrary, it is rather the usual custom — for a family of three or four persons, after 
working something like fourteen hours a day, to earn £i ($5) in a week. But out of 
this money there has to be deducted is. 3d. for carriage to convey the nails to the 
i gaffers, ' as they are termed in the dist-rict ; then there is allowance to be made for 
fuel and the repairing of the machinery, which reduces the £1 to about 16s. gd. ($4.18) 
for three people — for three people who have commenced to work every morning at half 
past seven or eight, and who have worked on through all the weary day, with no sub- 
stantial food, until late at night.' 

" These poor laborers rarely or never taste meat from one week's end 
to the other. In the expressive but simple language of one work- 
woman, this is how they fare : * When the bread comes hot from the 
bakehouse oven on Saturday, we eat it like ravenous wolves.' The 
scenes of misery — misery so deep and dreadful that the most graphic 
pen can only faintly convey its depth of sorrow— that are witnessed 
in this region would hardly be believed in the United States, and were 
I not quoting from English authority of the highest character I should 
be fearful of laying myself open to the charge of prejudice, so fre- 
quently made against those who would rather elevate than degrade 
labor, and who do not want cheapness at such a fearful cost. Women, 
within a few days of their confinement, have been known to work in 
the agony of exhaustion, in order to earn a few pence, at the ' hearth ' 
— not the ' hearth ' of home, which England, especially at this season 
of the year, so fondly boasts of, but the ' hearth ' of the forge. They 
have been known to return to work in a day or two after childbirth, 
'emaciated in constitution, weak and weary for the want of simple 
nourishment.' Their children, ragged and ill-fed, have had to lead 
miserable and wretched lives, with no hope before them but a life of 
wickedness and vice." 



THE TARIFF AND WAGES. 

In Thread Factories. 

The following table was compiled, in 1S83, by the Clarke Thread 
Co., from the pay-rolls of their large factories in Newark, N. J., and 
Paisley, Scotland : 



Great Britain. 

Weekly wages. 

Cop-winders. . . , $3-50 

Finishers „ . . . 2.50 

Reelers 4.25 

Spoolers 3.25 

Foremen 7.00 

Pickers 4.12 

Hank-winders 3.75 



United States. 

Weekly wages. 

Cop-winders .$8.00 

Finishers 5.50 

Reelers 8.00 

Spoolers 8.00 

Foremen 20.00 

Pickers 7.00 

Hank-winders 7.00 



THE TARIFF AND WAGES, 



35 



In Iron Mills. 

The report of the U. S. Tariff Commission, 1882, gives the following 
as the wages paid in iron mills in England, under free trade, and 
in Pittsburg, Pa., under protection : 



Great Britain. 

Puddlers, per ton $1-94 

Shinglers, " " 29 

Rollersin puddle mill, perton 29 
Rollers and heaters, " " 1.80 
Common laborers (per day), 

56 @ 72 



United States. 

Puddlers, per ton $5-5o 

Shinglers, " " 77 

Rollersin puddle mill, perton 683^ 
Rollers and heaters, " " 4.80 
Common laborers (per day), 

$1.30 @ 1.50 



In Woolen Mills. 

This table and those which follow it have been taken from the letters 
in the N. Y. Tribune, of Robert P. Porter, member of the U. S. 
Tariff Commission of 1882. The figures for Great Britain and Ger- 
many were obtained by personal investigation, inspection of pay-rolls, 
etc. ; those for the United States from the reports of the Massachusetts 
Bureau of Statistics, and other equally reliable sources. 



Great Britain ( Yorkshire). 

Weekly wages. 

Wool sorters $6 00 

Washers and scourers (men) 5.75 

Dyers 5-75 

Dyers (young) 3.00 

Carders (men) 5.00 

" (women) 3.25 

" (young) 2.50 

Spinners (men) 5.00 

" (women) 3.00 

" (young) 2.50 

Weavers (men) 5-0° 

•' (women) ,. 3.50 

Giggers (men) • 5-oo 

Shearers (men) 5-25 

Mechanics 7-5° 

Engineers 7- 5° 

Firemen 6.00 

Watchmen 5-Q° 

Laborers 4-5° 



United States {Massachusetts). 

Weekly wages. 

Wool sorters $ 9.43 

Washers and scourers (men) 8.84 

Dyers (men) 7.81 

Dyers (young) 5.12 

Carders (men) 8.12 

" (women) 5.39 

" (young) 4.53 

Spinners (men) 9.05 

" (women) 6.18 

" (young) 4.92 

Weavers (men) S.53 

(women) 7.45 

Giggers (men) 7.00 

Shearers (men) 8.05 

Mechanics 13.43 

Engineers 11.07 

Fireman 8.00 

Watchmen 9.63 

Laborers 8.5S 



36 



THE TARIFF AND WAGES. 



In Potteries. 



Great Britain. 

Weekly wages. 

Flat presser $7. 70 

Dish maker 9.62 

Cup " 9.92 

Saucer " ,. 7.93 

Hand-basin maker 9.66 

Hollow-ware presser 8.14 

" " gigger 11.62 

Printer 6.55 

Ovenman * . . 6.86 

Sagger maker 8.46 

Mould " 10.23 

Turner 8.00 

Handler , 8.39 



United States. 

Weekly wages. 

Flat presser $20.30 

Dish maker. 19-43 

Cup " 19-67 

Saucer " 18.58 

Hand-basin maker 19-73 

Hollow-ware presser 17-9° 

" gigger 21.89 

Printer 13-56 

Ovenman 13.18 

Sagger maker !9-33 

Mould " 20.79 

Turner 16.97 

Handler 16.62 



In Glasgow, Scotland. 

Glasgow is one of the largest centres of the iron and steel indus- 
tries, ship-building, and the industry in textile fabrics. In rate of 
wages and cost of living it compares favorably with any other portion 
of England, Scotland, or Ireland. 



Weekly Wages. 

Blacksmiths $7.87 

Engineers.. 7.87 

General smiths 7.87 

Bootmakers 7. 50 

Bricklayers 8.50 

Cabinetmakers 7. 87 

Calenderers 7.00 

Curriers 6. 50 

Coopers 6. 25 

Gilders 7.87 

Joiners and house carpenters 7.87 
Laborers . . „ 5.00 



Cost of Living. 
Oatmeal per stone (14 lbs.) .$0.54 

Potatoes per stone (14 lbs.). . 12 

Beef, first quality, per lb. ... 25 

Beef, second quality, per lb. 18 

Beef, third quality, per lb. . .. 14 

Bacon, per lb 18 

Pork, per lb 18 

Bread, first quality, per 4 lb. 17 

Bread, second quality " .. 15 

Sweet milk, per half gallon. . 16 

Buttermilk, per Scotch pint. 02 

Cheese, per lb , 16 



THE TARIFF AND WAGES. 



37 



Weekly Wages. 

Letter-press printers and 

book work $8.25 

Do., newspaper offices 10.00 

Masons 7.87 

Moulders 8.50 

Painters 7. 87 

Plasterers 7.87 

Plumbers 7.87 

Porters in shops and ware- 
houses 5.00 

Sawyers (by piece) 6.75 

Slaters 7.87 

Tailors 7.50 

Turners and fitters 7.87 



Cost of Living. 

Fresh butter, per lb $0.32 

Salt butter, per lb 27 

Black tea, per lb 50 

Brown sugar, per lb 05 

Brown soap, per lb 05 

Black soap, per lb 06 

Coal, per cwt 16 



In Germany. 



Under Free Trade, 1878. 

Weekly wages. 

Bakers $3.50 

Blacksmiths 3.50 

Bricklayers 3.67 

Carpenters 4.07 

Laborers 2.92 

Plasterers 3. 80 



After 3 yrs. of Protection, 1881. 

Weekly wages. 

Bakers Board and $3. 50 

Blacksmiths 6.50 

Bricklayers 5.50 

Carpenters 5.50 

Laborers 3.50 

Plasterers 5.50 



In a report just received at the State Department at Washington, 
from Consul-General Vogeler, of Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany, 
after telling of the favorable results of the adoption of the Protective 
policy in 1879, he quotes the Government as follows : 

"The reform of our tariff law of July 15, 1879, has in a general 
way brought about the desired results, in this, that it has not only 
produced a decided increase of revenue, which has greatly relieved 
the financial situation of the several German States, but has also 
strongly fostered the industrial activity of the nation." 

In a report just received from Consul Warren, of Dusseldorf, 
Germany, he gives the following figures, taken from the report of the 
German Iron and Steel Association, embracing 320 iron mills, foun- 
dries, and machine shops : 

Increase in no. of workmen, since 1879, 50,306, or 32.2 per cent. 
Increasein wages per mo., since 1879, $1,087,648, or 52.2 " 



SYNOPSIS OF BLAINE'S LIFE. 

Born near West Brownsville, Pa., January 3Tst, 1830, of Scotch-Irish 
ancestry. 

Graduated from Washington College, Pa., September, 1847. 

Taught school in Blue Lick Springs, Kentucky, 1847-50. 

Taught in Pennsylvania Institution for Instruction of Blind, Philadel- 
phia, Pa., 1852-54. 

Studied law under Theodore Cuyler, of Philadelphia, 1852-54. 

Editor and part proprietor of Kennebec Journal, Augusta, Me., 1854. 

Editor Portland Advertiser, Portland, Me., 1858. 

Chairman Maine Republican State Committee, 1858-78. 

Served in Maine Legislature (Lower House), 1859-62, being Speaker 
in 1861-62. 

Served in United States Congress, 1863-76. 

Speaker United States House of Representatives, 1869-75 ; never 
absent a day. 

United States Senator from July 10th, 1876, to March 5th, 1881. 

Secretary of State under Garfield, March 5th, 1S81, to December 12th, 
1881 ; confirmed by Senate unanimously. 

Resigned Secretaryship of State December 12th, 1881. 

Nominated for President June 6th, 1884. 

SYNOPSIS OF LOGAN'S LIFE. 

Born on a farm in Jackson County, 111., February 9th, 1826, of Irish- 
American parents. 

Educated at home and at Shiloh College. 

Served through Mexican War in First Illinois Infantry. 

Elected clerk of Jackson County, 111., 1849 ; resigned 1850. 

Graduated, with honors in law, from University of Louisville, 1851. 

Member Lower House, Illinois Legislature, 1852-53 ; 1856-57. 

Prosecuting Attorney, Third Judicial District, Illinois, 1852-57. 

Member United States House of Representatives, 1858-61. 

Entered Union Army September, 1861 ; made colonel of Thirty-first 
Illinois Infantry, November 13th, 1861 ; brigadier-general, March 
5th, 1862 ; major-general, November 29th, 1862 ; commander Fif- 
teenth Army Corps, November 13th, 1863 ; commander Army of 
Tennessee, 1864-65. 

Member United States House of Representatives, 1866-70. 

Commander-in-Chief Grand Army of the Republic, 1868-70. 

United States Senator, 1871-77 ; 1S80-84. 

Nominated for Vice-President June 6th, 1884. 



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